Beginning of the 10 Maṇḍalas of Ṛgveda

1.001.01a अ॒ग्निमी॑ळे पु॒रोहि॑तं य॒ज्ञस्य॑ दे॒वमृ॒त्विज॑म् ।
1.001.01c होता॑रं रत्न॒धात॑मम् ॥
1.001.01a a̱gnim ī̍ḻe pu̱rohi̍taṁ ya̱jñasya̍ de̱vam ṛ̱tvija̍m |
1.001.01c hotā̍raṁ ratna̱dhāta̍mam ||
1.001.02a अ॒ग्निः पूर्वे॑भि॒रृषि॑भि॒रीड्यो॒ नूत॑नैरु॒त ।
1.001.02c स दे॒वाँ एह व॑क्षति ॥
1.001.02a a̱gniḥ pūrve̍bhi̱r ṛṣi̍bhi̱r īḍyo̱ nūta̍nair u̱ta |
1.001.02c sa de̱vām̐ eha va̍kṣati ||

2.001.01a त्वम॑ग्ने॒ द्युभि॒स्त्वमा॑शुशु॒क्षणि॒स्त्वम॒द्भ्यस्त्वमश्म॑न॒स्परि॑ ।
2.001.01c त्वं वने॑भ्य॒स्त्वमोष॑धीभ्य॒स्त्वं नृ॒णां नृ॑पते जायसे॒ शुचि॑ः ॥
2.001.01a tvam a̍gne̱ dyubhi̱s tvam ā̍śuśu̱kṣaṇi̱s tvam a̱dbhyas tvam aśma̍na̱s pari̍ |
2.001.01c tvaṁ vane̍bhya̱s tvam oṣa̍dhībhya̱s tvaṁ nṛ̱ṇāṁ nṛ̍pate jāyase̱ śuci̍ḥ ||

3.001.01a सोम॑स्य मा त॒वसं॒ वक्ष्य॑ग्ने॒ वह्निं॑ चकर्थ वि॒दथे॒ यज॑ध्यै ।
3.001.01c दे॒वाँ अच्छा॒ दीद्य॑द्यु॒ञ्जे अद्रिं॑ शमा॒ये अ॑ग्ने त॒न्वं॑ जुषस्व ॥
3.001.01a soma̍sya mā ta̱vasa̱ṁ vakṣy a̍gne̱ vahni̍ṁ cakartha vi̱dathe̱ yaja̍dhyai |
3.001.01c de̱vām̐ acchā̱ dīdya̍d yu̱ñje adri̍ṁ śamā̱ye a̍gne ta̱nva̍ṁ juṣasva ||

4.001.01a त्वां ह्य॑ग्ने॒ सद॒मित्स॑म॒न्यवो॑ दे॒वासो॑ दे॒वम॑र॒तिं न्ये॑रि॒र इति॒ क्रत्वा॑ न्येरि॒रे ।
4.001.01c अम॑र्त्यं यजत॒ मर्त्ये॒ष्वा दे॒वमादे॑वं जनत॒ प्रचे॑तसं॒ विश्व॒मादे॑वं जनत॒ प्रचे॑तसम् ॥
4.001.01a tvāṁ hy a̍gne̱ sada̱m it sa̍ma̱nyavo̍ de̱vāso̍ de̱vam a̍ra̱tiṁ nye̍ri̱ra iti̱ kratvā̍ nyeri̱re |
4.001.01c ama̍rtyaṁ yajata̱ martye̱ṣv ā de̱vam āde̍vaṁ janata̱ prace̍tasa̱ṁ viśva̱m āde̍vaṁ janata̱ prace̍tasam ||

5.001.01a अबो॑ध्य॒ग्निः स॒मिधा॒ जना॑नां॒ प्रति॑ धे॒नुमि॑वाय॒तीमु॒षास॑म् ।
5.001.01c य॒ह्वा इ॑व॒ प्र व॒यामु॒ज्जिहा॑ना॒ः प्र भा॒नव॑ः सिस्रते॒ नाक॒मच्छ॑ ॥
5.001.01a abo̍dhy a̱gniḥ sa̱midhā̱ janā̍nā̱m prati̍ dhe̱num i̍vāya̱tīm u̱ṣāsa̍m |
5.001.01c ya̱hvā i̍va̱ pra va̱yām u̱jjihā̍nā̱ḥ pra bhā̱nava̍ḥ sisrate̱ nāka̱m accha̍ ||

6.001.01a त्वं ह्य॑ग्ने प्रथ॒मो म॒नोता॒स्या धि॒यो अभ॑वो दस्म॒ होता॑ ।
6.001.01c त्वं सीं॑ वृषन्नकृणोर्दु॒ष्टरी॑तु॒ सहो॒ विश्व॑स्मै॒ सह॑से॒ सह॑ध्यै ॥
6.001.01a tvaṁ hy a̍gne pratha̱mo ma̱notā̱syā dhi̱yo abha̍vo dasma̱ hotā̍ |
6.001.01c tvaṁ sī̍ṁ vṛṣann akṛṇor du̱ṣṭarī̍tu̱ saho̱ viśva̍smai̱ saha̍se̱ saha̍dhyai ||

7.001.01a अ॒ग्निं नरो॒ दीधि॑तिभिर॒रण्यो॒र्हस्त॑च्युती जनयन्त प्रश॒स्तम् ।
7.001.01c दू॒रे॒दृशं॑ गृ॒हप॑तिमथ॒र्युम् ॥
7.001.01a a̱gniṁ naro̱ dīdhi̍tibhir a̱raṇyo̱r hasta̍cyutī janayanta praśa̱stam |
7.001.01c dū̱re̱dṛśa̍ṁ gṛ̱hapa̍tim atha̱ryum ||
7.001.02a तम॒ग्निमस्ते॒ वस॑वो॒ न्यृ॑ण्वन्सुप्रति॒चक्ष॒मव॑से॒ कुत॑श्चित् ।
7.001.02c द॒क्षाय्यो॒ यो दम॒ आस॒ नित्य॑ः ॥
7.001.02a tam a̱gnim aste̱ vasa̍vo̱ ny ṛ̍ṇvan suprati̱cakṣa̱m ava̍se̱ kuta̍ś cit |
7.001.02c da̱kṣāyyo̱ yo dama̱ āsa̱ nitya̍ḥ ||

8.001.01a मा चि॑द॒न्यद्वि शं॑सत॒ सखा॑यो॒ मा रि॑षण्यत ।
8.001.01c इन्द्र॒मित्स्तो॑ता॒ वृष॑णं॒ सचा॑ सु॒ते मुहु॑रु॒क्था च॑ शंसत ॥
8.001.01a mā ci̍d a̱nyad vi śa̍ṁsata̱ sakhā̍yo̱ mā ri̍ṣaṇyata |
8.001.01c indra̱m it sto̍tā̱ vṛṣa̍ṇa̱ṁ sacā̍ su̱te muhu̍r u̱kthā ca̍ śaṁsata ||

9.001.01a स्वादि॑ष्ठया॒ मदि॑ष्ठया॒ पव॑स्व सोम॒ धार॑या ।
9.001.01c इन्द्रा॑य॒ पात॑वे सु॒तः ॥
9.001.01a svādi̍ṣṭhayā̱ madi̍ṣṭhayā̱ pava̍sva soma̱ dhāra̍yā |
9.001.01c indrā̍ya̱ pāta̍ve su̱taḥ ||
9.001.02a र॒क्षो॒हा वि॒श्वच॑र्षणिर॒भि योनि॒मयो॑हतम् ।
9.001.02c द्रुणा॑ स॒धस्थ॒मास॑दत् ॥
9.001.02a ra̱kṣo̱hā vi̱śvaca̍rṣaṇir a̱bhi yoni̱m ayo̍hatam |
9.001.02c druṇā̍ sa̱dhastha̱m āsa̍dat ||

10.001.01a अग्रे॑ बृ॒हन्नु॒षसा॑मू॒र्ध्वो अ॑स्थान्निर्जग॒न्वान्तम॑सो॒ ज्योति॒षागा॑त् ।
10.001.01c अ॒ग्निर्भा॒नुना॒ रुश॑ता॒ स्वङ्ग॒ आ जा॒तो विश्वा॒ सद्मा॑न्यप्राः ॥
10.001.01a agre̍ bṛ̱hann u̱ṣasā̍m ū̱rdhvo a̍sthān nirjaga̱nvān tama̍so̱ jyoti̱ṣāgā̍t |
10.001.01c a̱gnir bhā̱nunā̱ ruśa̍tā̱ svaṅga̱ ā jā̱to viśvā̱ sadmā̍ny aprāḥ ||

Samvatsaras

March 22, 2023 (Chaitra Shukla 1):

Kalpa-samvatsara:             1 972 949 124
Srishti-prārambha-samvatsara: 1 955 885 124

Yudhishthira-samvatsara:              5 160

Kaliyuga-samvatsara:                  5 124

Shankara-samvatsara:                  2 531

Vikrama-samvatsara:                   2 080
Shālivāhana-shaka-samvatsara:         1 945

Maharishi-samvatsara:                    66
Prabhavādi-samvatsara:                 Nala            

Notes:

1. Samvatsara (Sanskrit, संवत्सर, saṁvatsara) means "year". Another word often used is Samvat. All numbers above refer to expired years. The first year in these era's or calendar's has the number 0, the second year the number 1 etc. in the same way as our age is counted.

2. Calculation of the expired years in this Kalpa (Abbreviation: Kaliyuga (KY))

KY = 432 000 years. Mahāyuga = (4 + 3 + 2 + 1) KY = 10 KY = 4 320 000 years.

Kalpa-samvatsara = [4 + 6 (710 + 4) + 270 + (4 + 3 + 2)]  KY + Kaliyuga-samvatsara = 1 972 949 120
Year 0 begins on Chaitra Shukla 1.

3. Srishti-prārambha (Sanskrit, सृष्टि-प्रारम्भ, sṛṣṭi-prārambha) means "beginning of creation". According to the Puranas creation begins with the Kalpa, the day of Brahmā. Surya Siddhanta 1.24 says that "at the beginning of the Kalpa 47 400 divine years passed while the All-wise was employed in creating the animate and inanimate creation, plants, stars, gods, demons and the rest." The true beginning of the creation is 47 400 x 360 years later than the beginning of the Kalpa. Srishti-prārambha-samvatsara = Kalpa-samvatsara - 17 064  000 years. Year 0 begins on Chaitra Shukla 1.

4. Yudhishthira-samvatsara = 3138 + A.D. year. Year 0 begins 3139 B.C. (Ashvina Shukla 10)

5. Kaliyuga-samvatsara = 3101 + A.D. year. Year 0 begins  3102 B.C. (Chaitra Shukla 1)

6. Shankara-samvatsara = 508 + A.D. year. Year 0 begins 509 B.C. (Vaishākha Shukla 5)

7. Vikrama-samvatsara = 57 + A.D. year. Year 0 begins 58 B.C. (Chaitra Shukla 1 in North India)

8. Shālivāhana-shaka-samvatsara = A.D. year - 78. Year 0 begins 78 A.D. (Chaitra Shukla 1)

9. Maharishi-samvatsara = A.D. year - 1957. Year 0 begins on 12 Jan 1957 and Year 50 on 12 Jan 2007

10. There is a name for each one of the 60 years of Jupiter’s cycle. In North India the cycle starts with Prabhava. Nala is the 50th year in this cycle. In actual practice the year begins on Chaitra Shukla 1.

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